Dave Dunkel, owner of Sees-the-Day, center, shares a cigarette break with, from left, Zachary Moser, 21, of Montgomery County, Pa.; Nathan Embry, 27, of Lancaster; and Roman Fissel, 22, of Manchester Township, all of whom live in a Sees-the-Day recovery house on Linden Avenue, on Wednesday, Feb. 10, 2016. Many people in recovery are smokers, as cigarettes and nicotine replace the substances they previously used. York is home to a figuratively underground community of about 80 recovery homes that house people with substance use disorders. Many are sent to the houses by York County's probation department as an alternative to jail or homelessness, while others come to York on referral from other treatment facilities or of their own volition. The houses, which are not designed as treatment programs and which can each house 5-12 people in recovery, are not subject to state or county regulations. While owners of many recovery houses in York refused comment, other owners said their homes are structured to provide a system of support and accountability by requiring residents to attend 12-step meetings and gain employment, with the ultimate goal of graduating sober after a residency of about six months.
Nicole Anderson, 27, of Fairfax, Va., left, gets ready to go to work as Jenna Weaver, 24, of Carlisle, helps prepare dinner in a Pennsylvania Avenue home operated by Choices Recovery House, on Thursday, Jan. 28, 2016. The home is one of three female recovery houses operated by Choices, which also runs two male houses.
Kathy Sorandes, center, helps run a "house meeting" at a Pennsylvania Avenue house operated by Choices Recovery House, on Sunday, Jan. 31, 2016. Sorandes owns Choices, which operates eight recovery houses in York. Each of Choices' houses, as well as others run by other companies, requires residents to attend a weekly house meeting during which chores are assigned, dinner duty is delegated, grievances are aired and encouragement and support are offered. Residents are also often required to show signed sheets indicating they have been attending daily 12-step meetings.
Anthony McClair, 50, brings groceries to the back porch for Will Howard, 54, to carry into the Linden Avenue recovery house where they live and which is operated by Sees-the-Day, on Sunday, Feb. 28, 2016.
Christina Whelan, 27, of New Jersey, makes chicken parmesan with help from Allison Foust, 36, of Havre de Grace, Md., at the Pennsylvania Avenue house where they live and which is operated by Choices Recovery House, on Monday, March 7, 2016. Similarly to many other York recovery houses, residents at Choices are largely responsible for their own meals except for several weekly communal dinners.
Kailyn Brown, 24, of York Township, cleans the downstairs bathroom of a Pennsylvania Avenue home operated by Choices Recovery House on Wednesday, Feb. 3, 2016. Residents at Choices and many other York recovery homes are assigned rotating house chores that must be completed on certain days of the week.
Fred Way, executive director of the Pennsylvania Alliance of Recovery Residences (PARR), ticks off a checklist while inspecting a resident's bathroom in a West Market Street recovery house operated by Safe Haven Transitional Living on Wednesday, Feb. 3, 2016. Way founded PARR in Jan. 2011 as a nonprofit that inspects and certifies qualified recovery houses that seek certification to distinguish themselves from scores of other houses. Each certified house is inspected annually.
Fred Way, executive director of the Pennsylvania Alliance of Recovery Residences (PARR), uses his flashlight as he inspects a shared bedroom in a West Market Street recovery house operated by Safe Haven Transitional Living on Wednesday, Feb. 3, 2016. Two recovery house companies in York city are certified by PARR, which annually inspects each house as part of the certification process.
Two doses of naloxone, a drug that effectively reverses an opioid overdose, are encased next to the living room thermostat of a Linden Avenue recovery house operated by Sees-the-Day, as seen Wednesday, Feb. 10, 2016.
Dave Dunkel, owner of Sees-the-Day, makes a phone call in the recovery house company's East Market Street office on Wednesday, Feb. 10, 2016. Sees-the-Day operates 14 recovery houses for a total of 93 beds in York.
Sees-the-Day staffer Beechie King, left, reviews sign-in/sign-out sheets while conducting the weekly house meeting at a Linden Avenue recovery house operated by Sees-the-Day on Sunday, Feb. 28, 2016. Like many other York recovery houses, Sees-the-Day requires its residents to sign in and out when leaving and returning to their respective houses. King said the sheets, which had been neglected by the Linden house residents, are often the first things that probation officers check when meeting with their clients.
Kailyn Brown, 24, of York Township, braids the hair of another resident at a Pennsylvania Avenue home operated by Choices Recover House on Wednesday, Feb. 3, 2106.
Zachary Moser, 21, of Montgomery County, Pa., chats as Nathan Embry, 27, of Lancaster, plays guitar in the Sees-the-Day recovery house where they live on Linden Avenue on Wednesday, Feb. 3, 2016.
Tanner Doyle, 24, pages through his rent receipts after catching up on his payments at True North, a West King Street recovery house where he has lived since June 2015, on Friday, Jan. 15, 2016. Doyle said he received the “HP” (for Harry Potter) tattoos on his hand while he was blacked out from drugs after working a shift at a carnival in Richmond, Va. Doyle, originally of Hartford County, Md., said his substance use included marijuana, Spice/K2, beer and cough and cold medicine. He said he has spent a total of 3 years in jail and been arrested or detained almost 20 times, all for charges related to activities while under the influence or in the pursuit of more drugs. “This is not a place to live,” Doyle said of True North. “This is a place to get on your feet.”
Tanner Doyle, 24, crosses West King Street to prepare an Abundant Life Outreach van for his food deliveries, on Friday, Jan. 15, 2016. Doyle, who lives in True North recovery house, operated by the same church that houses Abundant Life, said he relapsed three times since coming to True North in June 2015 but feels confident in his ability to stay abstinent from drugs after a family intervention in November. "I've never felt happier in my life," Doyle said. "I've never felt as accepted in my life. I feel no need to use drugs."
Tanner Doyle, 24, center, bags up shortbread cookies for York City schoolchildren at his job with Abundant Life Outreach in the basement of New Covenant Community Church, which operates the neighboring West King Street recovery house where Doyle has lived since June 2015, on Friday, Jan. 15, 2016. Doyle is now a member of the church. "I came to the house on a Friday, and I went to this church on a Sunday," Doyle said, explaining he heard the music while taking a smoke break outside the house. "Mr. Frank [who runs the house] and this church made me who I am today."
Allison Foust, 35, of Havre de Grace, Md., and Victoria Weldon, 21, of New Jersey, sit down for a break after completing their chores at a Pennsylvania home operated by Choices Recovery House on Wednesday, Feb. 3, 2016. "It's not all about your recovery; it's about learning to live life again," said Weldon, who is recovering from heroin use, of life in a recovery house.
Anthony McClair, 50, originally of Bronx, N.Y., and Nathan Embry, 27, of Lancaster, review McClair's federal taxes while Will Howard, 54, of Philadelphia, far left, watches TV and Jake Miller, 32, of West York, waits for the weekly house meeting to begin at the Linden Avenue recovery house operated by Sees-the-Day, on Sunday, Feb. 28, 2016.
Christina Whelan, 27, of New Jersey, pets a neighbor dog named Killer while taking a cigarette break outside the Pennsylvania Avenue house where she lives and which is operated by Choices Recovery House, on Monday, March 7, 2016. Whelan, who used heroin and Xanax, said she had been to 16 different rehabilitation or treatment centers in states including New York, Florida, California and Tennessee. "Nothing ever worked for me," Whelan said of her struggle to stay abstinent of drugs before coming to Choices. "No matter where I went, I was with myself. It didn't matter if there were palm trees or dumpsters."
Anthony McClair, 50, originally of Bronx, N.Y., sweeps the sidewalk outside the Linden Avenue recovery house where he lives and which is operated by Sees-the-Day, on Sunday, Feb. 28, 2016. The house, of which McClair is the resident president, is home to 11 men ranging in age from 19 to 54.